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implementation documentation. Whether a site is new or has been in operation for many years,
operators and scientists can learn from each other to improve the measurement of surface radiation
budget parameters at there own observatories.
The purpose of this manual is to provide a standardized guide to measurement techniques for all
stations involved in the programme based on the experiences gained from a variety of researchers
and site scientists. Recognizing that site-scientists are responsible not only to the BSRN, but to their
own agencies, some of the guidelines presented in this manual m ay not be implemented fully.
Others, because of climatic conditions, may need to exceed the specifications presented. As stated
throughout the manual, the goal of the BSRN is to obtain radiation and ancillary measurements of
the highest quality possible. This requires that each station manager adapt the techniques presented
in the manual to the station for which they are responsible.
1.1 Overall goals and purpose of the BSRN
The original concept for the BSRN developed from the needs of both the climate change and satellite
validation communities. The initial plan for a global network of radiation stations was developed by
the WCRP Working Group on Radiative Fluxes (WGRF) in 1989, and refined at two workshops on
the implementation of the BSRN, the first in Washington, DC, USA in December 1990, and the
second in Davos, Switzerland in August 1991. The formal goals and objectives were set down as
follows:
• provide data for calibrating satellite-based estimates of the surface radiation budget (SRB)
and radiation transfer through the atmosphere
• monitor regional trends in radiation fluxes at the surface.
With the important contribution to global climate research made by the BSRN, it is emphasized that
countries assuming the responsibility of operating a BSRN station will benefit significantly from
having a reference surface radiation measurement station, especially in the context of national efforts
to exploit environmentally clean renewable energy resources and, to some extent, in enhancing
agricultural production. These issues have increased in importance with discussions in many nations
on the importance and impact of the Kyoto Protocol. The measurements from a BSRN station are
also a key element in monitoring national and regional climate variations, and in assessing the
associated economic implications. In countries where radiation networks already exist, the
instrumentation and operational procedures developed for the BSRN can be used as effective
arguments to upgrade equipment and methods of observation, and to enhance calibration traceability
to the World Radiation Centre. In summary, BSRN data sets have a wide range of applications
beyond climate research.
Location of Operating and Planned BSRN Stations
Symbol Station Name Sponsor Latitude Longitude Status
TAM Tamanrasset Algerie 22/ 47' N 5/ 51' E Operational
ASP Alice Springs Australia 23/ 42' S 133/ 52' E Operational
BAL Balbina Brazil 3/ 10' S 60/ 00' W Operational
FLO Florinopolis Brazil 27/ 32' S 48/ 31' W Operational
REG Regina Canada 50/ 12' N 104/ 43' W Operational
TOR
Toravere
Observatory
Estonia 58/ 16' N 26/ 28' E Operational
CAR Carpentras France 44/ 03' N 5/ 02' E Operational
GVN
Georg von
Neumayer,
Antarctica
Germany 70/ 39' S 8/ 15' W Operational
LIN Lindenberg Germany 52/ 13' N 14/ 07' E Operational
NYA
Ny Ålesund,
Spitsbergen (N)
Germany/Norway 78/ 56' N 11/ 56' E Operational
LER
Lerwick, Shetland
Islands
Great Britain 60/ N1/ W Operational
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